Cert-Manager¶

Cert-Manager automates the management and issuance of TLS certificates in Kubernetes clusters.

Overview¶

Cert-Manager is deployed as part of the infrastructure stack to provide automatic certificate provisioning and renewal for the RCIIS platform.

Configuration¶

Deployment Location¶

Configuration: apps/infra/cert-manager/
Environments: Local, Staging
Chart: Official cert-manager Helm chart

Values Structure¶

apps/infra/cert-manager/
├── local/
│   ├── values.yaml
│   └── extra/
│       └── cluster-issuer.yaml
├── staging/
│   └── values.yaml
└── extra/
    └── cluster-issuer.yaml

Certificate Issuers¶

Let's Encrypt (Production)¶

ClusterIssuer Configuration:

apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: ClusterIssuer
metadata:
  name: letsencrypt-prod
spec:
  acme:
    server: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
    email: [email protected]
    privateKeySecretRef:
      name: letsencrypt-prod
    solvers:
    - http01:
        ingress:
          class: nginx

Let's Encrypt (Staging)¶

ClusterIssuer Configuration:

apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: ClusterIssuer
metadata:
  name: letsencrypt-staging
spec:
  acme:
    server: https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
    email: [email protected]
    privateKeySecretRef:
      name: letsencrypt-staging
    solvers:
    - http01:
        ingress:
          class: nginx

Self-Signed (Development)¶

ClusterIssuer Configuration:

apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: ClusterIssuer
metadata:
  name: selfsigned-issuer
spec:
  selfSigned: {}

Certificate Management¶

Automatic Certificate Issuance¶

Ingress Annotation Method:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: example-ingress
  annotations:
    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: "letsencrypt-prod"
    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: "nginx"
spec:
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - example.com
    secretName: example-tls
  rules:
  - host: example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        pathType: Prefix
        backend:
          service:
            name: example-service
            port:
              number: 80

Certificate Resource Method¶

apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: Certificate
metadata:
  name: example-cert
  namespace: default
spec:
  secretName: example-tls
  issuerRef:
    name: letsencrypt-prod
    kind: ClusterIssuer
  dnsNames:
  - example.com
  - www.example.com

DNS Challenge Support¶

Cloudflare DNS Challenge¶

Configuration:

apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: ClusterIssuer
metadata:
  name: letsencrypt-dns
spec:
  acme:
    server: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
    email: [email protected]
    privateKeySecretRef:
      name: letsencrypt-dns
    solvers:
    - dns01:
        cloudflare:
          email: [email protected]
          apiTokenSecretRef:
            name: cloudflare-api-token
            key: api-token

Secret Management: - Cloudflare API tokens stored in apps/infra/secrets/staging/cloudflare-api-key.yaml - SOPS-encrypted for security - Automatically deployed via KSOPS

Monitoring and Troubleshooting¶

Certificate Status¶

Check Certificate Status:

# List all certificates
kubectl get certificates --all-namespaces

# Check certificate details
kubectl describe certificate <cert-name> -n <namespace>

# Check certificate issuer status
kubectl describe clusterissuer <issuer-name>

Common Issues¶

HTTP-01 Challenge Failures: - Verify ingress controller is running - Check DNS resolution for domain - Ensure port 80 is accessible

DNS-01 Challenge Failures: - Verify DNS provider API credentials - Check DNS propagation - Validate domain ownership

Logs and Events¶

Cert-Manager Logs:

# Controller logs
kubectl logs -n cert-manager deployment/cert-manager

# Webhook logs
kubectl logs -n cert-manager deployment/cert-manager-webhook

# CA Injector logs
kubectl logs -n cert-manager deployment/cert-manager-cainjector

Certificate Events:

# Check certificate events
kubectl describe certificate <cert-name> -n <namespace>

# Check challenge events
kubectl get challenges --all-namespaces
kubectl describe challenge <challenge-name> -n <namespace>

Security Considerations¶

Private Key Protection¶

Private keys stored as Kubernetes secrets
RBAC controls access to certificate secrets
Regular key rotation through automatic renewal

Certificate Validation¶

Domain validation through ACME challenges
Certificate transparency logging
Automated renewal before expiration

Best Practices¶

Certificate Lifecycle¶

Issuance: Automatic through ingress annotations
Renewal: Automatic 30 days before expiration
Revocation: Manual process when needed
Cleanup: Automatic removal of expired certificates

Environment-Specific Considerations¶

Local Development: - Use self-signed certificates - Skip certificate validation in applications - Focus on functionality over security

Staging Environment: - Use Let's Encrypt staging for testing - Validate certificate issuance process - Test automatic renewal

Production Environment: - Use Let's Encrypt production - Monitor certificate expiration - Implement certificate monitoring alerts